The Philosophy of Sadaqa

Charity

The Quran mentions words with root ṣād dāl qāf (ص د ق) several times, of which 14 are translated as charity in this search result: https://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=charity. The following is a study of these fourteen ayaat to explore the philosophy of charity: 

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1

وَاَتِمُّوا الۡحَجَّ وَالۡعُمۡرَةَ لِلّٰهِؕ فَاِنۡ اُحۡصِرۡتُمۡ فَمَا اسۡتَيۡسَرَ مِنَ الۡهَدۡىِ​ۚ وَلَا تَحۡلِقُوۡا رُءُوۡسَكُمۡ حَتّٰى يَبۡلُغَ الۡهَدۡىُ مَحِلَّهٗ ؕ فَمَنۡ كَانَ مِنۡكُمۡ مَّرِيۡضًا اَوۡ بِهٖۤ اَذًى مِّنۡ رَّاۡسِهٖ فَفِدۡيَةٌ مِّنۡ صِيَامٍ اَوۡ صَدَقَةٍ اَوۡ نُسُكٍۚ فَاِذَآ اَمِنۡتُمۡ فَمَنۡ تَمَتَّعَ بِالۡعُمۡرَةِ اِلَى الۡحَجِّ فَمَا اسۡتَيۡسَرَ مِنَ الۡهَدۡىِ​ۚ فَمَنۡ لَّمۡ يَجِدۡ فَصِيَامُ ثَلٰثَةِ اَيَّامٍ فِى الۡحَجِّ وَسَبۡعَةٍ اِذَا رَجَعۡتُمۡؕ تِلۡكَ عَشَرَةٌ كَامِلَةٌ  ؕ ذٰ لِكَ لِمَنۡ لَّمۡ يَكُنۡ اَهۡلُهٗ حَاضِرِىۡ الۡمَسۡجِدِ الۡحَـرَامِ​ؕ وَاتَّقُوا اللّٰهَ وَاعۡلَمُوۡٓا اَنَّ اللّٰهَ شَدِيۡدُ الۡعِقَابِ‏ ١٩٦

Complete the pilgrimage and minor pilgrimage for Allah. But if prevented ˹from proceeding˺, then ˹offer˺ whatever sacrificial animals you can afford. And do not shave your heads until the sacrificial animal reaches its destination. But if any of you is ill or has a scalp ailment ˹requiring shaving˺, then compensate either by fasting, charity, or a sacrificial offering. In times of peace, you may combine the pilgrimage and minor pilgrimage then make the sacrificial offering you can afford. Whoever cannot afford that ˹offering˺, let them fast three days during pilgrimage and seven after returning ˹home˺—completing ten. These offerings are for those who do not live near the Sacred House. And be mindful of Allah, and know that Allah is severe in punishment.

[Al-Quran 2:196, Translation: Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran]

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2

۞ قَوۡلٌ مَّعۡرُوۡفٌ وَّمَغۡفِرَةٌ خَيۡرٌ مِّنۡ صَدَقَةٍ يَّتۡبَعُهَاۤ اَذًى​ؕ وَاللّٰهُ غَنِىٌّ حَلِيۡمٌ‏ ٢٦٣

Kind words and forgiveness are better than charity followed by injury. And Allah is Self-Sufficient, Most Forbearing.

[Al-Quran 2:263, Translation: Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran]

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3

وَاِنۡ كَانَ ذُوۡ عُسۡرَةٍ فَنَظِرَةٌ اِلٰى مَيۡسَرَةٍ ​ؕ وَاَنۡ تَصَدَّقُوۡا خَيۡرٌ لَّـكُمۡ​ اِنۡ كُنۡتُمۡ تَعۡلَمُوۡنَ‏ ٢٨٠

If it is difficult for someone to repay a debt, postpone it until a time of ease. And if you waive it as an act of charity, it will be better for you, if only you knew.

[Al-Quran 2:280, Translation: Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran]

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4

وَمَا كَانَ لِمُؤۡمِنٍ اَنۡ يَّقۡتُلَ مُؤۡمِنًا اِلَّا خَطَـــًٔا​ ۚ وَمَنۡ قَتَلَ مُؤۡمِنًا خَطَـــًٔا فَتَحۡرِيۡرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤۡمِنَةٍ وَّدِيَةٌ مُّسَلَّمَةٌ اِلٰٓى اَهۡلِهٖۤ اِلَّاۤ اَنۡ يَّصَّدَّقُوۡا​ ؕ فَاِنۡ كَانَ مِنۡ قَوۡمٍ عَدُوٍّ لَّـكُمۡ وَهُوَ مُؤۡمِنٌ فَتَحۡرِيۡرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤۡمِنَةٍ​ ؕ وَاِنۡ كَانَ مِنۡ قَوۡمٍۢ بَيۡنَكُمۡ وَبَيۡنَهُمۡ مِّيۡثَاقٌ فَدِيَةٌ مُّسَلَّمَةٌ اِلٰٓى اَهۡلِهٖ وَ تَحۡرِيۡرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤۡمِنَةٍ​ ۚ فَمَنۡ لَّمۡ يَجِدۡ فَصِيَامُ شَهۡرَيۡنِ مُتَتَابِعَيۡنِ تَوۡبَةً مِّنَ اللّٰهِ​ ؕ وَكَانَ اللّٰهُ عَلِيۡمًا حَكِيۡمًا‏ ٩٢

It is not lawful for a believer to kill another except by mistake. And whoever kills a believer unintentionally must free a believing slave and pay blood-money to the victim’s family—unless they waive it charitably. But if the victim is a believer from a hostile people, then a believing slave must be freed. And if the victim is from a people bound with you in a treaty, then blood-money must be paid to the family along with freeing a believing slave. Those who are unable, let them fast two consecutive months—as a means of repentance to Allah. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.

[Al-Quran 4:92, Translation: Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran]

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5

۞ لَا خَيۡرَ فِىۡ كَثِيۡرٍ مِّنۡ نَّجۡوٰٮهُمۡ اِلَّا مَنۡ اَمَرَ بِصَدَقَةٍ اَوۡ مَعۡرُوۡفٍ اَوۡ اِصۡلَاحٍۢ بَيۡنَ النَّاسِ​ ؕ وَمَن يَّفۡعَلۡ ذٰ لِكَ ابۡتِغَآءَ مَرۡضَاتِ اللّٰهِ فَسَوۡفَ نُـؤۡتِيۡهِ اَجۡرًا عَظِيۡمًا‏ ١١٤

There is no good in most of their secret talks—except those encouraging charity, kindness, or reconciliation between people. And whoever does this seeking Allah’s pleasure, We will grant them a great reward.

[Al-Quran 4:114, Translation: Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran]

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6

وَكَتَبۡنَا عَلَيۡهِمۡ فِيۡهَاۤ اَنَّ النَّفۡسَ بِالنَّفۡسِۙ وَالۡعَيۡنَ بِالۡعَيۡنِ وَالۡاَنۡفَ بِالۡاَنۡفِ وَالۡاُذُنَ بِالۡاُذُنِ وَالسِّنَّ بِالسِّنِّۙ وَالۡجُرُوۡحَ قِصَاصٌ​ؕ فَمَنۡ تَصَدَّقَ بِهٖ فَهُوَ كَفَّارَةٌ لَّهٗ ​ؕ وَمَنۡ لَّمۡ يَحۡكُمۡ بِمَاۤ اَنۡزَلَ اللّٰهُ فَاُولٰٓٮِٕكَ هُمُ الظّٰلِمُوۡنَ‏ ٤٥

We ordained therein for them: "Life for life, eye for eye, nose or nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth, and wounds equal for equal." But if any one remits the retaliation by way of charity, it is an act of atonement for himself. And if any fail to judge by (the light of) what Allah hath revealed, they are (No better than) wrong-doers.

[Al-Quran 5:45, Translation: A. Yusuf Ali]

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7

۞ وَمِنۡهُمۡ مَّنۡ عَاهَدَ اللّٰهَ لَٮِٕنۡ اٰتٰٮنَا مِنۡ فَضۡلِهٖ لَـنَصَّدَّقَنَّ وَلَنَكُوۡنَنَّ مِنَ الصّٰلِحِيۡنَ‏ ٧٥

And there are some who had made a vow to Allah: “If He gives us from His bounty, we will surely spend in charity and be of the righteous.”

[Al-Quran 9:75, Translation: Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran]

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8

خُذۡ مِنۡ اَمۡوَالِهِمۡ صَدَقَةً تُطَهِّرُهُمۡ وَتُزَكِّيۡهِمۡ بِهَا وَصَلِّ عَلَيۡهِمۡ​ؕ اِنَّ صَلٰوتَكَ سَكَنٌ لَّهُمۡ​ؕ وَاللّٰهُ سَمِيۡعٌ عَلِيۡمٌ‏ ١٠٣

Take from their wealth ˹O Prophet˺ charity to purify and bless them, and pray for them—surely your prayer is a source of comfort for them. And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.

[Al-Quran 9:103, Translation: Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran]

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9 & 10

اِنَّ الۡمُسۡلِمِيۡنَ وَالۡمُسۡلِمٰتِ وَالۡمُؤۡمِنِيۡنَ وَالۡمُؤۡمِنٰتِ وَالۡقٰنِتِيۡنَ وَالۡقٰنِتٰتِ وَالصّٰدِقِيۡنَ وَالصّٰدِقٰتِ وَالصّٰبِرِيۡنَ وَالصّٰبِرٰتِ وَالۡخٰشِعِيۡنَ وَالۡخٰشِعٰتِ وَالۡمُتَصَدِّقِيۡنَ وَ الۡمُتَصَدِّقٰتِ وَالصَّآٮِٕمِيۡنَ وَالصّٰٓٮِٕمٰتِ وَالۡحٰفِظِيۡنَ فُرُوۡجَهُمۡ وَالۡحٰـفِظٰتِ وَالذّٰكِرِيۡنَ اللّٰهَ كَثِيۡرًا وَّ الذّٰكِرٰتِ ۙ اَعَدَّ اللّٰهُ لَهُمۡ مَّغۡفِرَةً وَّاَجۡرًا عَظِيۡمًا‏ ٣٥

Surely, Muslim men and Muslim women, believing men and believing women, devout men and devout women, truthful men and truthful women, patient men and patient women, humble men and humble women, and the men who give Sadaqah (charity) and the women who give Sadaqah, and the men who fast and the women who fast, and the men who guard their private parts (against evil acts) and the women who guard (theirs), and the men who remember Allah much and the women who remember (Him) - for them, Allah has prepared forgiveness and a great reward.

[Al-Quran 33:35, Translation: T. Usmani]

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11 & 12

اِنَّ الۡمُصَّدِّقِيۡنَ وَالۡمُصَّدِّقٰتِ وَاَقۡرَضُوا اللّٰهَ قَرۡضًا حَسَنًا يُّضٰعَفُ لَهُمۡ وَلَهُمۡ اَجۡرٌ كَرِيۡمٌ‏ ١٨

Surely those men who give Sadaqah (alms) and those women who give Sadaqah and have advanced a good loan to Allah, for them it will be multiplied, and for them there is a noble reward.

[Al-Quran 57:18, Translation: T. Usmani]

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13

يٰۤاَيُّهَا الَّذِيۡنَ اٰمَنُوۡۤا اِذَا نَاجَيۡتُمُ الرَّسُوۡلَ فَقَدِّمُوۡا بَيۡنَ يَدَىۡ نَجۡوٰٮكُمۡ صَدَقَةً  ​ؕ ذٰ لِكَ خَيۡرٌ لَّكُمۡ وَاَطۡهَرُ ​ؕ فَاِنۡ لَّمۡ تَجِدُوۡا فَاِنَّ اللّٰهَ غَفُوۡرٌ رَّحِيۡمٌ‏ ١٢

O you who believe! When you (want to) consult the Messenger (Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم) in private, spend something in charity before your private consultation. That will be better and purer for you. But if you find not (the means for it), then verily, Allâh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

[Al-Quran 58:12, Translation: Al-Hilali & Khan]

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14

وَاَنۡفِقُوۡا مِنۡ مَّا رَزَقۡنٰكُمۡ مِّنۡ قَبۡلِ اَنۡ يَّاۡتِىَ اَحَدَكُمُ الۡمَوۡتُ فَيَقُوۡلَ رَبِّ لَوۡلَاۤ اَخَّرۡتَنِىۡۤ اِلٰٓى اَجَلٍ قَرِيۡبٍۙ فَاَصَّدَّقَ وَاَكُنۡ مِّنَ الصّٰلِحِيۡنَ‏ ١٠

Give out of what We have provided for you, before death comes to one of you and he says, ‘My Lord, if You would only reprieve me for a little while, I would give in charity and become one of the righteous.’

[Al-Quran 63:10, Translation: M.A.S. Abdel Haleem]

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[Al-Quran ..., Translation: ...]

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The Legacy of Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام)

فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ مَعَهُ السَّعۡىَ قَالَ يٰبُنَىَّ اِنِّىۡۤ اَرٰى فِى الۡمَنَامِ اَنِّىۡۤ اَذۡبَحُكَ فَانْظُرۡ مَاذَا تَرٰى​ؕ قَالَ يٰۤاَبَتِ افۡعَلۡ مَا تُؤۡمَرُ​

 سَتَجِدُنِىۡۤ اِنۡ شَآءَ اللّٰهُ مِنَ الصّٰبِرِيۡنَ‏ 

فَلَمَّاۤ اَسۡلَمَا وَتَلَّهٗ لِلۡجَبِيۡنِ​ۚ‏ ١٠٣ 

وَنَادَيۡنٰهُ اَنۡ يّٰۤاِبۡرٰهِيۡمُۙ‏

قَدۡ صَدَّقۡتَ الرُّءۡيَا ​ ​ۚ اِنَّا كَذٰلِكَ نَجۡزِى الۡمُحۡسِنِيۡنَ‏ 

اِنَّ هٰذَا لَهُوَ الۡبَلٰٓؤُا الۡمُبِيۡنُ‏ 

وَفَدَيۡنٰهُ بِذِبۡحٍ عَظِيۡمٍ‏

And when he reached with him [the age of] exertion, he said, "O my son, indeed I have seen in a dream that I [must] sacrifice you, so see what you think." He said, "O my father, do as you are commanded. You will find me, if Allāh wills, of the steadfast."

103 And when they had both submitted and he put him down upon his forehead,

We called to him, "O Abraham,

You have fulfilled the vision." Indeed, We thus reward the doers of good.

Indeed, this was the clear trial.

And We ransomed him with a great sacrifice,

[Al-Quran 37:102-107]

This is a story of Faith (Iman) and Submission (Islam). 

The Quran relates the great sacrifice demanded from Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام): to sacrifice his only child, and the child's complete submission to what was required of his father. The physical expression of this complete submission was the father putting his son down upon his forehead: the posture of prostration. 

The amazing submission of this young man, Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام), is amazing. He was not a baby. He was old enough to work along with his father (Q38:102). He was probably twelve or thirteen years old.* Generally, when boys are entering their teens, they show inclination to assert their independence, not submission, and that also to a dream. He was old enough to mock his old man. He was old enough to run away. This young Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) submits, willingly, assuring his father of his steadfastness, if Allah Wills (اِنۡ شَآءَ اللّٰهُ مِنَ الصّٰبِرِيۡنَ‏). He goes down in prostration, placing his forehead upon the ground. He is willing to make the ultimate sacrifice: lose his life, and embrace death, for the sake of Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى‎ . 

Allah was testing the father and son. Both passed with flying colours. Allah had bigger plans for them.  Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) was replaced with a great sacrifice. He is to assist his father Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) in purifying Allah's house, for the worshippers, and also raise its foundation: 

وَإِذْ جَعَلْنَا الْبَيْتَ مَثَابَةً لِّلنَّاسِ وَأَمْنًا وَاتَّخِذُوا مِن مَّقَامِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ مُصَلًّى وَعَهِدْنَا إِلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ أَن طَهِّرَا بَيْتِيَ لِلطَّائِفِينَ وَالْعَاكِفِينَ وَالرُّكَّعِ السُّجُودِ

وَإِذْ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ رَبِّ اجْعَلْ هَٰذَا بَلَدًا آمِنًا وَارْزُقْ أَهْلَهُ مِنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ مَنْ آمَنَ مِنْهُم بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ قَالَ وَمَن كَفَرَ فَأُمَتِّعُهُ قَلِيلًا ثُمَّ أَضْطَرُّهُ إِلَىٰ عَذَابِ النَّارِ وَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ

وَإِذْ يَرْفَعُ إِبْرَاهِيمُ الْقَوَاعِدَ مِنَ الْبَيْتِ وَإِسْمَاعِيلُ رَبَّنَا تَقَبَّلْ مِنَّا إِنَّكَ أَنتَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ

رَبَّنَا وَاجْعَلْنَا مُسْلِمَيْنِ لَكَ وَمِن ذُرِّيَّتِنَا أُمَّةً مُّسْلِمَةً لَّكَ وَأَرِنَا مَنَاسِكَنَا وَتُبْ عَلَيْنَا إِنَّكَ أَنتَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ

رَبَّنَا وَابْعَثْ فِيهِمْ رَسُولًا مِّنْهُمْ يَتْلُو عَلَيْهِمْ آيَاتِكَ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ الْكِتَابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَيُزَكِّيهِمْ إِنَّكَ أَنتَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ

وَمَن يَرْغَبُ عَن مِّلَّةِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِلَّا مَن سَفِهَ نَفْسَهُ وَلَقَدِ اصْطَفَيْنَاهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَإِنَّهُ فِي الْآخِرَةِ لَمِنَ الصَّالِحِينَ

And [mention] when We made the House a place of return for the people and [a place of] security. And take, [O believers], from the standing place of Abraham a place of prayer. And We charged Abraham and Ishmael, [saying], "Purify My House for those who perform Tawaf and those who are staying [there] for worship and those who bow and prostrate [in prayer]."

And [mention] when Abraham said, "My Lord, make this a secure city country and provide its people with fruits - whoever of them believes in Allah and the Last Day." [ Allah ] said. "And whoever disbelieves - I will grant him enjoyment for a little; then I will force him to the punishment of the Fire, and wretched is the destination."

And [mention] when Abraham was raising the foundations of the House and [with him] Ishmael, [saying], "Our Lord, accept [this] from us. Indeed You are the Hearing, the Knowing.

Our Lord, and make us Muslims [in submission] to You and from our descendants a Muslim nation [in submission] to You. And show us our rites and accept our repentance. Indeed, You are the Accepting of repentance, the Merciful.

Our Lord, and send among them a messenger from themselves who will recite to them Your verses and teach them the Book and wisdom and purify them. Indeed, You are the Exalted in Might, the Wise."

And who would be averse to the religion of Abraham except one who makes a fool of himself. And We had chosen him in this world, and indeed he, in the Hereafter, will be among the righteous.

[Al-Quran 2:125-130, Translation: Sahih International (edited in italics) ]

Purify My House: From these ayaat, it seems the House already existed but it was appointed the centre of pilgrimage when Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) and Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) raised its foundations and purified the House. Similarly, their descendant whom they prayed for, Muhammad ﷺ , Messenger of Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى‎ , purified the House when he conquered Mecca, and retaught the rites of pilgrimage.  

Raise the Foundation: Raising the foundations of an existing house is a common practice, especially in areas prone to flooding. The house is temporarily raised, separating it from its existing foundation; the foundation is then raised and the house replaced on the newly-built foundation. 

Just like his descendant Muhammad ﷺ was a Prophet and Messenger of Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى‎ , so also The Quran informs us that Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) was also a Prophet and Messenger of Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى‎ :

وَاذۡكُرۡ فِى الۡـكِتٰبِ اِسۡمٰعِيۡلَ​ اِنَّهٗ كَانَ صَادِقَ الۡوَعۡدِ وَكَانَ رَسُوۡلًا نَّبِيًّا​ ۚ‏ ٥٤

وَ كَانَ يَاۡمُرُ اَهۡلَهٗ بِالصَّلٰوةِ وَالزَّكٰوةِ وَكَانَ عِنۡدَ رَبِّهٖ مَرۡضِيًّا‏ ٥٥ 

And mention in the Book, Ishmael. Indeed, he was true to his promise, and he was a messenger and a prophet.

And he used to enjoin on his people prayer and zakāh and was to his Lord pleasing [i.e., accepted by Him].

[Al-Quran 19:54-55, Translation: Saheeh International]

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* Age of Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام): 

According to The Quran, Surah as-Saffaat, Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) was given the glad tidings of  a forbearing son (Q37:101 فَبَشَّرۡنٰهُ بِغُلٰمٍ حَلِيۡمٍ‏)** after his migration (Q38:99 وَقَالَ اِنِّىۡ ذَاهِبٌ اِلٰى رَبِّىۡ سَيَهۡدِيۡنِ‏), and prayer for a righteous son (Q38:100 رَبِّ هَبۡ لِىۡ مِنَ الصّٰلِحِيۡنَ‏).  

The Quran, Surah as-Saffaat, also states that the son at the time of the sacrifice dream was old enough to work with his father (Q37:102 فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ مَعَهُ السَّعۡىَ قَالَ يٰبُنَىَّ اِنِّىۡۤ اَرٰى فِى الۡمَنَامِ اَنِّىۡۤ اَذۡبَحُكَ فَانْظُرۡ مَاذَا تَرٰى​ؕ قَالَ يٰۤاَبَتِ افۡعَلۡ مَا تُؤۡمَرُ​ سَتَجِدُنِىۡۤ اِنۡ شَآءَ اللّٰهُ مِنَ الصّٰبِرِيۡنَ‏ ). Boys can start lifting weights as early as the age of seven or eight years, but ideally by the age twelve or thirteen, the age of puberty. 

According to The Quran, Surah as-Saffaat, after the attempted sacrifice (Q37:103), Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) was given the glad tidings of  a prophet by the name of Isaac (Ishaq عليه السلام) (Q37:112 وَبَشَّرۡنٰهُ بِاِسۡحٰقَ نَبِيًّا مِّنَ الصّٰلِحِيۡنَ‏), and that they were blessed (Q37:113 وَبٰرَكۡنَا عَلَيۡهِ وَعَلٰٓى اِسۡحٰقَ​ؕ وَ مِنۡ ذُرِّيَّتِهِمَا مُحۡسِنٌ وَّظَالِمٌ لِّنَفۡسِهٖ مُبِيۡنٌ​‏). We know about his son Jacob / Israel (Yaqub عليه السلام) , his son Joseph (Yusuf عليه السلام), and from the Bani Israel: Moses (Musa عليه السلام) and Aaron (Haroon عليه السلام). It is a matter of fact that there was a continuous line of prophets among their descendants till Messenger Jesus (Isa عليه السلام). 

According to The Bible, the age difference between Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) and Isaac (Ishaq عليه السلام) was fourteen years. 

At the age of seventy-six, Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) was granted Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) through Hagar (Bibi Hajra رضي الله عنها). 

At the age of one hundred, Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) was granted Isaac (Ishaq عليه السلام) through Sarah (Bibi Sara رضي الله عنها).  

So, assuming the good news about Isaac (Ishaq عليه السلام) was given immediately after the attempted sacrifice of the first born: Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام), who was only son at the time, , the Age of Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) was most probably twelve or thirteen years at the time he and his father attempted to carry out the dream that Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) had seen. 

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** Haleem (حَلِيۡمٍ‏):  

According to The Quran, Surah as-Saffaat, Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) was given the glad tidings of  a forbearing son (Q37:101 فَبَشَّرۡنٰهُ بِغُلٰمٍ حَلِيۡمٍ‏). 

Allah meant to test father and son. What they were asked to do was unthinkable and unspeakable. It required immense faith, love and trust in Allah to even consider the request. It required even more to submit to it. It required forbearance. One of the attributes of Allah is Haleem (حَلِيمٌ), generally translated as Most Forbearing. The word 'forbearing' implies patience and restraint.  

Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) was also forbearing (Q11:75). 

Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) was also forbearing (Q37:101). 

These two persons were already divinely equipped with the quality most required to submit to such a dream. 

Search results for forbearing https://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=forbearing 

Quran dictionary for root - ح ل م : https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=Hlm 

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Also read: 

Humans & The Human Condition 

Ignorant of The Law of Sacrifice 

Forehead / جَبِين 

The Possessors of The Stone & Hijr-e-Ismail 

Seventy Men & The Torah in Seventy Languages 

The Ancient House 

Muhammad ﷺ, a Messenger like Moses: The Qibla 

Maroof & Munkar 

Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام), the excellent example 

The Quran, the Pharaoh, Exodus and the Promised Day! 

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Lat updated on: June 14, 2024

Allah chooses from men for public roles

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وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَا مِن قَبْلِكَ إِلَّا رِجَالًا نُّوحِي إِلَيْهِم مِّنْ أَهْلِ الْقُرَىٰ أَفَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ فَيَنظُرُوا كَيْفَ كَانَ عَاقِبَةُ الَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِهِمْ وَلَدَارُ الْآخِرَةِ خَيْرٌ لِّلَّذِينَ اتَّقَوْا أَفَلَا تَعْقِلُونَ

And not We sent before you, but men We revealed to them from (among) (the) people (of) the townships. So have not they traveled in the earth and seen how was (the) end (of) those who (were) before them? And surely the home (of) the Hereafter (is) best for those who fear Allah. Then will not you use reason?

[Al-Quran 12:109]

وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَا مِن قَبْلِكَ إِلَّا رِجَالًا نُّوحِي إِلَيْهِمْ فَاسْأَلُوا أَهْلَ الذِّكْرِ إِن كُنتُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ

بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ وَالزُّبُرِ وَأَنزَلْنَا إِلَيْكَ الذِّكْرَ لِتُبَيِّنَ لِلنَّاسِ مَا نُزِّلَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَلَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ

And not We sent before you except men, We revealed to them, so ask (the) people (of) the Reminder if you (do) not know. With the clear proofs and the Books. And We sent down to you the Remembrance, that you may make clear to the mankind, what has been sent down to them and that they may reflect. 

[Al-Quran 16:43-44] 

Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى‎ chooses from and sends men on public tasks. Be it being the qawam (Q4:34) of their women, or the khalifa (Q2:30, Q38:26) of the Earth, all public tasks have been assigned to men. Adam عليه السلام was a man, and all the prophets and messengers, who were all from his descendants, were all men. Prophet Muhammad  ﷺ  was the seal of the prophets, and so he was not granted any adult male offspring (Q33:40). Men are assigned the task of establishing prayers in mosques (Q24:36-38), and it is who men who are under a covenant, and the believing men keep their covenant and go to battle (Q33:23) to fight oppression and establish Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى 's Deen.  

Even the angels, serving Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى , are males: 

اَمِ اتَّخَذَ مِمَّا يَخۡلُقُ بَنٰتٍ وَّاَصۡفٰٮكُمۡ بِالۡبَنِيۡنَ‏ ١٦

وَاِذَا بُشِّرَ اَحَدُهُمۡ بِمَا ضَرَبَ لِلرَّحۡمٰنِ مَثَلًا ظَلَّ وَجۡهُهٗ مُسۡوَدًّا وَّهُوَ كَظِيۡمٌ‏ ١٧

اَوَمَنۡ يُّنَشَّؤُا فِى الۡحِلۡيَةِ وَهُوَ فِى الۡخِصَامِ غَيۡرُ مُبِيۡنٍ‏  ١٨ 

وَجَعَلُوا الۡمَلٰٓٮِٕكَةَ الَّذِيۡنَ هُمۡ عِبَادُ الرَّحۡمٰنِ اِنَاثًا​ ؕ اَشَهِدُوۡا خَلۡقَهُمۡ​ ؕ سَتُكۡتَبُ شَهَادَتُهُمۡ وَيُسۡـَٔــلُوۡنَ‏ ١٩

Or has He taken, out of what He has created, daughters and chosen you for [having] sons?

And when one of them is given good tidings of that which he attributes to the Most Merciful in comparison [i.e., a daughter], his face becomes dark, and he suppresses grief.

So is one brought up in ornaments while being during conflict unevident1 [attributed to Allāh]?

And they described the angels, who are servants of the Most Merciful, as females. Did they witness their creation? Their testimony will be recorded, and they will be questioned.

[Al-Quran 43:16-19]

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اَفَرَءَيۡتُمُ اللّٰتَ وَالۡعُزّٰىۙ‏ ١٩

وَمَنٰوةَ الثَّالِثَةَ الۡاُخۡرٰى‏ ٢٠

اَلَـكُمُ الذَّكَرُ وَلَهُ الۡاُنۡثٰى‏ ٢١

تِلۡكَ اِذًا قِسۡمَةٌ ضِيۡزٰى‏ ٢٢ 

اِنۡ هِىَ اِلَّاۤ اَسۡمَآءٌ سَمَّيۡتُمُوۡهَاۤ اَنۡتُمۡ وَاٰبَآؤُكُمۡ مَّاۤ اَنۡزَلَ اللّٰهُ بِهَا مِنۡ سُلۡطٰنٍ​ؕ اِنۡ يَّتَّبِعُوۡنَ اِلَّا الظَّنَّ وَمَا تَهۡوَى الۡاَنۡفُسُ​ۚ وَلَقَدۡ جَآءَهُمۡ مِّنۡ رَّبِّهِمُ الۡهُدٰىؕ‏ ٢٣

So have you considered al-Lāt and al-ʿUzzā?

And Manāt, the third - the other one?

Is the male for you and for Him the female?

That, then, is an unjust division.

They are not but [mere] names you have named them - you and your forefathers - for which Allāh has sent down no authority. They follow not except assumption and what [their] souls desire, and there has already come to them from their Lord guidance.

[Al-Quran 53:19-23]

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اِنَّ الَّذِيۡنَ لَا يُؤۡمِنُوۡنَ بِالۡاٰخِرَةِ لَيُسَمُّوۡنَ الۡمَلٰٓٮِٕكَةَ تَسۡمِيَةَ الۡاُنۡثٰى‏ ٢٧ 

وَمَا لَهُمۡ بِهٖ مِنۡ عِلۡمٍ​ؕ اِنۡ يَّتَّبِعُوۡنَ اِلَّا الظَّنَّ​ۚ وَاِنَّ الظَّنَّ لَا يُغۡنِىۡ مِنَ الۡحَـقِّ شَيۡـًٔـاۚ‏ ٢٨ 

Indeed, those who do not believe in the Hereafter name the angels female names,

And they have thereof no knowledge. They follow not except assumption, and indeed, assumption avails not against the truth at all.

[Al-Quran 53:27-28]

Mary (Maryam عليها السلام) was dedicated by her mother for Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى‎ 's service when she was in the womb, and the mother didn't know that she was going to bear a female child. Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى‎ graciously accepted the dedicated child (Q3:37), chose her above all women of all the worlds (Q3:42), and made her the mother of the Messiah Isa عليه السلام . 

Even when infant Jesus (Isa عليه السلام) was brought by his mother Mary (Maryam عليها السلام) in front of the people, she was not asked to speak, rather the male infant spoke and explained himself, as quoted in Surah Maryam:

 فَاَتَتۡ بِهٖ قَوۡمَهَا تَحۡمِلُهٗ​ؕ قَالُوۡا يٰمَرۡيَمُ لَقَدۡ جِئۡتِ شَيۡـًٔـا فَرِيًّا‏ ٢٧

 يٰۤـاُخۡتَ هٰرُوۡنَ مَا كَانَ اَ بُوۡكِ امۡرَاَ سَوۡءٍ وَّمَا كَانَتۡ اُمُّكِ بَغِيًّا​ ۖ​ ۚ‏ ٢٨

فَاَشَارَتۡ اِلَيۡهِ​ ؕ قَالُوۡا كَيۡفَ نُـكَلِّمُ مَنۡ كَانَ فِى الۡمَهۡدِ صَبِيًّا‏ ٢٩

قَالَ اِنِّىۡ عَبۡدُ اللّٰهِ ؕ اٰتٰٮنِىَ الۡكِتٰبَ وَجَعَلَنِىۡ نَبِيًّا ۙ‏ ٣٠

Then she brought him to her people, carrying him. They said, "O Mary, you have certainly done a thing unprecedented.

O sister [i.e., descendant] of Aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste."

So she pointed to him. They said, "How can we speak to one who is in the cradle a child?"

[Jesus] said, "Indeed, I am the servant of Allāh. He has given me the Scripture and made me a prophet. 

وَّجَعَلَنِىۡ مُبٰـرَكًا اَيۡنَ مَا كُنۡتُ وَاَوۡصٰنِىۡ بِالصَّلٰوةِ وَالزَّكٰوةِ مَا دُمۡتُ حَيًّا ​ۖ ‏ ٣١ وَّبَرًّۢا بِوَالِدَتِىۡ وَلَمۡ يَجۡعَلۡنِىۡ جَبَّارًا شَقِيًّا‏ ٣٢ وَالسَّلٰمُ عَلَىَّ يَوۡمَ وُلِدْتُّ وَيَوۡمَ اَمُوۡتُ وَيَوۡمَ اُبۡعَثُ حَيًّا‏  ٣٣ ذٰ لِكَ عِيۡسَى ابۡنُ مَرۡيَمَ ​ۚ قَوۡلَ الۡحَـقِّ الَّذِىۡ فِيۡهِ يَمۡتَرُوۡنَ‏  ٣٤ مَا كَانَ لِلّٰهِ اَنۡ يَّتَّخِذَ مِنۡ وَّلَدٍ​ۙ سُبۡحٰنَهٗ​ؕ اِذَا قَضٰٓى اَمۡرًا فَاِنَّمَا يَقُوۡلُ لَهٗ كُنۡ فَيَكُوۡنُؕ‏ ٣٥ وَاِنَّ اللّٰهَ رَبِّىۡ وَرَبُّكُمۡ فَاعۡبُدُوۡهُ ​ؕ هٰذَا صِرَاطٌ مُّسۡتَقِيۡمٌ‏  ٣٦

And He has made me blessed wherever I am and has enjoined upon me prayer and zakāh as long as I remain alive And [made me] dutiful to my mother, and He has not made me a wretched tyrant. And peace is on me the day I was born and the day I will die and the day I am raised alive." That is Jesus, the son of Mary - the word of truth about which they are in dispute. It is not [befitting] for Allāh to take a son; exalted is He! When He decrees an affair, He only says to it, "Be," and it is. [Jesus said], "And indeed, Allāh is my Lord and your Lord, so worship Him. That is a straight path." 

[Al-Quran 19:27-36]

Mary (Maryam عليها السلام), mother of Jesus (Messiah Isa عليه السلام), is the only woman mentioned by name in The Quran. Even the names of all other women been kept away from the public domain, regardless of their piety or otherwise. They are simply referred to by their husband or father's names.   

Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى has created men and women for specialised roles. Each has been granted qualities and abilities suited to their roles. We have all been created to serve Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى , and each one has a role to play. We can best serve Him by submitting to His rules and regulations, and staying within the boundaries and limits He has set for us. 

Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى has neither forbidden nor encouraged public roles for women. He knows that not all men will be pious enough to shoulder their responsibilities, and some women will need to step out of their homes to make ends meet. We should try our best to avoid public roles for women, as far as possible, to maintain the ideal social system created by Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى . 

Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى knows best. 

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Also read:

The Covenant & Its Ratification 

Adam & Job  

Allah Loves

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وَاَنۡفِقُوۡا فِىۡ سَبِيۡلِ اللّٰهِ وَلَا تُلۡقُوۡا بِاَيۡدِيۡكُمۡ اِلَى التَّهۡلُكَةِ ۖ  ۛۚ وَاَحۡسِنُوۡا  ۛۚ اِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ الۡمُحۡسِنِيۡنَ‏١٩٥

And spend in the way of Allāh and do not throw [yourselves] with your [own] hands into destruction [by refraining]. And do good; indeed, Allāh loves the doers of good.

[Al-Quran 2:195, Translation: Saheeh International]

Q2:195 is in the context of special permission granted in the sacred months to fight those who fight you, fearing Allah, containing fitna with equal retaliation (قِصَاصٌ​ؕ), and not exceeding the bounds set by Allah. The muhseneen (الۡمُحۡسِنِيۡنَ‏) whom Allah loves, endure the hardships and still observe the boundaries and their duties. 

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وَ يَسۡـــَٔلُوۡنَكَ عَنِ الۡمَحِيۡضِ​ۙ قُلۡ هُوَ اَذًى فَاعۡتَزِلُوۡا النِّسَآءَ فِى الۡمَحِيۡضِ​ۙ وَلَا تَقۡرَبُوۡهُنَّ حَتّٰى يَطۡهُرۡنَ​​ۚ فَاِذَا تَطَهَّرۡنَ فَاۡتُوۡهُنَّ مِنۡ حَيۡثُ اَمَرَكُمُ اللّٰهُ​ؕ اِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ التَّوَّابِيۡنَ وَيُحِبُّ الۡمُتَطَهِّرِيۡنَ‏ ٢٢٢

And they ask you about menstruation. Say, "It is harm, so keep away from wives during menstruation. And do not approach them until they are pure. And when they have purified themselves, then come to them from where Allāh has ordained for you. Indeed, Allāh loves those who are constantly repentant and loves those who purify themselves."

[Al-Quran 2:222, Translation: Saheeh International]

Q2:222 states that Allah loves the repentant, and Allah loves those who keep purifying themselves. It is perhaps in our most private moments that our true self is revealed. The true believers are truly concerned about their duty, which must take a precedence over desire. 

The previous ayat (Q2:221) was the directive to believers to not marry polytheists, even if they are pleasing to the believer, as they invite to the Fire, while Allah invites to Paradise and forgiveness, with His Permission. 

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قُلۡ اِنۡ كُنۡتُمۡ تُحِبُّوۡنَ اللّٰهَ فَاتَّبِعُوۡنِىۡ يُحۡبِبۡكُمُ اللّٰهُ وَيَغۡفِرۡ لَـكُمۡ ذُنُوۡبَكُمۡؕ​ وَاللّٰهُ غَفُوۡرٌ رَّحِيۡمٌ‏ ٣١

Say, [O Muḥammad], "If you should love Allāh, then follow me, [so] Allāh will love you and forgive you your sins. And Allāh is Forgiving and Merciful."

[Al-Quran 3:31, Translation: Saheeh International]

The proof of one's love for Allah is obedience, following the way shown by Allah's Prophet and Messenger. 

The previous ayat (Q3:30) warns of the Day when each and every good and evil a nafs has accumulated in its record will be displayed, while it'll wish that there was a great distance between it and its evil; and Allah warns with His Own Nafs, Allah is Kind to His Servants. 

So, the safest way out is to follow the Prophet, as he understood and knew better than other humans. 

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الَّذِيۡنَ يُنۡفِقُوۡنَ فِى السَّرَّآءِ وَالضَّرَّآءِ وَالۡكٰظِمِيۡنَ الۡغَيۡظَ وَالۡعَافِيۡنَ عَنِ النَّاسِ​ؕ وَاللّٰهُ يُحِبُّ الۡمُحۡسِنِيۡنَ​ۚ‏ ١٣٤

Who spend [in the cause of Allāh] during ease and hardship and who restrain anger and who pardon the people - and Allāh loves the doers of good;

[Al-Quran 3:134, Translation: Saheeh International]

Q3:130 forbids from consuming interest, wealth multiplied many times; next ayat: fear The Fire; next ayat: obey Allah and His Messenger so you may be shown mercy; next ayat: hasten to forgiveness and a garden as big as the skies and earth, prepared for the muttaqeen, and then Q3:134 describes these people as those who spend (give to others) whether they are in ease or hardship, and they restrain anger, and they pardon people, and Allah loves the doers of good. 

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وَكَاَيِّنۡ مِّنۡ نَّبِىٍّ قٰتَلَ ۙ مَعَهٗ رِبِّيُّوۡنَ كَثِيۡرٌ ۚ فَمَا وَهَنُوۡا لِمَاۤ اَصَابَهُمۡ فِىۡ سَبِيۡلِ اللّٰهِ وَمَا ضَعُفُوۡا وَمَا اسۡتَكَانُوۡا ​ؕ وَاللّٰهُ يُحِبُّ الصّٰبِرِيۡنَ‏ ١٤٦ وَمَا كَانَ قَوۡلَهُمۡ اِلَّاۤ اَنۡ قَالُوۡا رَبَّنَا اغۡفِرۡ لَنَا ذُنُوۡبَنَا وَاِسۡرَافَنَا فِىۡۤ اَمۡرِنَا وَ ثَبِّتۡ اَقۡدَامَنَا وَانۡصُرۡنَا عَلَى الۡقَوۡمِ الۡكٰفِرِيۡنَ‏ ١٤٧ فَاٰتٰٮهُمُ اللّٰهُ ثَوَابَ الدُّنۡيَا وَحُسۡنَ ثَوَابِ الۡاٰخِرَةِ​ ؕ وَاللّٰهُ يُحِبُّ الۡمُحۡسِنِيۡنَ‏ ١٤٨

And how many a prophet [fought in battle and] with him fought many religious scholars. But they never lost assurance due to what afflicted them in the cause of Allāh, nor did they weaken or submit. And Allāh loves the steadfast. And their words were not but that they said, "Our Lord, forgive us our sins and the excess [committed] in our affairs and plant firmly our feet and give us victory over the disbelieving people." So Allah gave them the reward of this world and the excellent reward of the Hereafter. For Allah loves the good-doers.

[Al-Quran 3:146-148, Translation: Saheeh International]

In the context of battles: fighting holy wars, the Prophet of Allah and the 'رِبِّيُّوۡنَ' along side their prophet, for the sake of their Lord 'رِبِّ'. In battles, sometimes one side wins, sometimes the other; to remain steadfast even in the face of losses, and to not lose hope or faith, that is to truly be steadfast for the cause, to believe in what you're doing, and why it must be done. And Allah loves those who are steadfast, who patiently endure and persevere, and continue to do the good work. 

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فَبِمَا رَحۡمَةٍ مِّنَ اللّٰهِ لِنۡتَ لَهُمۡ​ۚ وَلَوۡ كُنۡتَ فَظًّا غَلِيۡظَ الۡقَلۡبِ لَانْفَضُّوۡا مِنۡ حَوۡلِكَ​ فَاعۡفُ عَنۡهُمۡ وَاسۡتَغۡفِرۡ لَهُمۡ وَشَاوِرۡهُمۡ فِى الۡاَمۡرِ​ۚ فَاِذَا عَزَمۡتَ فَتَوَكَّلۡ عَلَى اللّٰهِ​ؕ اِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ الۡمُتَوَكِّلِيۡنَ‏ ١٥٩ اِنۡ يَّنۡصُرۡكُمُ اللّٰهُ فَلَا غَالِبَ لَـكُمۡ​ۚ وَاِنۡ يَّخۡذُلۡكُمۡ فَمَنۡ ذَا الَّذِىۡ يَنۡصُرُكُمۡ مِّنۡۢ بَعۡدِهٖ ​ؕ وَعَلَى اللّٰهِ فَلۡيَتَوَكَّلِ الۡمُؤۡمِنُوۡنَ‏  ١٦٠ 

So by mercy from Allāh, [O Muḥammad], you were lenient with them. And if you had been rude [in speech] and harsh in heart, they would have disbanded from about you. So pardon them and ask forgiveness for them and consult them in the matter. And when you have decided, then rely upon Allāh. Indeed, Allāh loves those who rely [upon Him]. If Allāh should aid you, no one can overcome you; but if He should forsake you, who is there that can aid you after Him? And upon Allāh let the believers rely.

[Al-Quran 3:159-160, Translation: Saheeh International]

Tracing the events that unfolded at Uhud, the weaknesses that were exposed, the losses that were suffered, why Satan was able to overcome some people; and why its better to die or be killed fighting in the cause of Allah, the forgiveness and mercy of Allah being better than worldly accumulations, as it is to Allah that we will all be gathered. Then these ayaat emphasise the need to stay united, and to rely upon Allah. Allah loves those who rely upon Him. 

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۞ وَلَقَدۡ اَخَذَ اللّٰهُ مِيۡثَاقَ بَنِىۡۤ اِسۡرآءِيۡلَ​ۚ وَبَعَثۡنَا مِنۡهُمُ اثۡنَىۡ عَشَرَ نَقِيۡبًا​ ؕ وَقَالَ اللّٰهُ اِنِّىۡ مَعَكُمۡ​ؕ لَٮِٕنۡ اَقَمۡتُمُ الصَّلٰوةَ وَاٰتَيۡتُمُ الزَّكٰوةَ وَاٰمَنۡتُمۡ بِرُسُلِىۡ وَعَزَّرۡتُمُوۡهُمۡ وَاَقۡرَضۡتُمُ اللّٰهَ قَرۡضًا حَسَنًا لَّاُكَفِّرَنَّ عَنۡكُمۡ سَيِّاٰتِكُمۡ وَلَاُدۡخِلَـنَّكُمۡ جَنّٰتٍ تَجۡرِىۡ مِنۡ تَحۡتِهَا الۡاَنۡهٰرُ​ۚ فَمَنۡ كَفَرَ بَعۡدَ ذٰ لِكَ مِنۡكُمۡ فَقَدۡ ضَلَّ سَوَآءَ السَّبِيۡلِ‏ ١٢ فَبِمَا نَقۡضِهِمۡ مِّيۡثَاقَهُمۡ لَعَنّٰهُمۡ وَجَعَلۡنَا قُلُوۡبَهُمۡ قٰسِيَةً​ ۚ يُحَرِّفُوۡنَ الۡـكَلِمَ عَنۡ مَّوَاضِعِهٖ​ۙ وَنَسُوۡا حَظًّا مِّمَّا ذُكِّرُوۡا بِهٖۚ وَلَا تَزَالُ تَطَّلِعُ عَلٰى خَآٮِٕنَةٍ مِّنۡهُمۡ اِلَّا قَلِيۡلًا مِّنۡهُمۡ​ فَاعۡفُ عَنۡهُمۡ وَاصۡفَحۡ​ ؕ اِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ الۡمُحۡسِنِيۡنَ‏ ١٣

And Allāh had already taken a covenant from the Children of Israel, and We delegated from among them twelve leaders. And Allāh said, "I am with you. If you establish prayer and give zakāh and believe in My messengers and support them and loan Allāh a goodly loan, I will surely remove from you your misdeeds and admit you to gardens beneath which rivers flow. But whoever of you disbelieves after that has certainly strayed from the soundness of the way." So for their breaking of the covenant We cursed them and made their hearts hardened. They distort words from their [proper] places [i.e., usages] and have forgotten a portion of that of which they were reminded. And you will still observe deceit among them, except a few of them. But pardon them and overlook [their misdeeds]. Indeed, Allāh loves the doers of good. 

[Al-Quran 5:12-13, Translation: Saheeh International]

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۞ يٰۤـاَيُّهَا الرَّسُوۡلُ لَا يَحۡزُنۡكَ الَّذِيۡنَ يُسَارِعُوۡنَ فِى الۡكُفۡرِ مِنَ الَّذِيۡنَ قَالُوۡۤا اٰمَنَّا بِاَ فۡوَاهِهِمۡ وَلَمۡ تُؤۡمِنۡ قُلُوۡبُهُمۡ​ ​ۛۚ وَمِنَ الَّذِيۡنَ هَادُوۡا ​ ۛۚ سَمّٰعُوۡنَ لِلۡكَذِبِ سَمّٰعُوۡنَ لِقَوۡمٍ اٰخَرِيۡنَۙ لَمۡ يَاۡتُوۡكَ​ؕ يُحَرِّفُوۡنَ الۡـكَلِمَ مِنۡۢ بَعۡدِ مَوَاضِعِهٖ​ۚ يَقُوۡلُوۡنَ اِنۡ اُوۡتِيۡتُمۡ هٰذَا فَخُذُوۡهُ وَاِنۡ لَّمۡ تُؤۡتَوۡهُ فَاحۡذَرُوۡا​ ؕ وَمَنۡ يُّرِدِ اللّٰهُ فِتۡنَـتَهٗ فَلَنۡ تَمۡلِكَ لَهٗ مِنَ اللّٰهِ شَيۡــًٔـا​ؕ اُولٰٓٮِٕكَ الَّذِيۡنَ لَمۡ يُرِدِ اللّٰهُ اَنۡ يُّطَهِّرَ قُلُوۡبَهُمۡ​ ؕ لَهُمۡ فِىۡ الدُّنۡيَا خِزۡىٌ ۚۖ وَّلَهُمۡ فِىۡ الۡاٰخِرَةِ عَذَابٌ عَظِيۡمٌ‏ ٤١ سَمّٰعُوۡنَ لِلۡكَذِبِ اَ كّٰلُوۡنَ لِلسُّحۡتِ​ؕ فَاِنۡ جَآءُوۡكَ فَاحۡكُمۡ بَيۡنَهُمۡ اَوۡ اَعۡرِضۡ عَنۡهُمۡ​ ۚ وَاِنۡ تُعۡرِضۡ عَنۡهُمۡ فَلَنۡ يَّضُرُّوۡكَ شَيۡــًٔـا​ ؕ وَاِنۡ حَكَمۡتَ فَاحۡكُمۡ بَيۡنَهُمۡ بِالۡقِسۡطِ​ ؕ اِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ الۡمُقۡسِطِيۡنَ‏ ٤٢

O Messenger, let them not grieve you who hasten into disbelief of those who say, "We believe" with their mouths, but their hearts believe not, and from among the Jews. [They are] avid listeners to falsehood, listening to another people who have not come to you. They distort words beyond their [proper] places [i.e., usages], saying, "If you are given this, take it; but if you are not given it, then beware." But he for whom Allāh intends fitnah - never will you possess [power to do] for him a thing against Allāh. Those are the ones for whom Allāh does not intend to purify their hearts. For them in this world is disgrace, and for them in the Hereafter is a great punishment. [They are] avid listeners to falsehood, devourers of [what is] unlawful. So if they come to you, [O Muḥammad], judge between them or turn away from them. And if you turn away from them - never will they harm you at all. And if you judge, judge between them with justice. Indeed, Allāh loves those who act justly.

[Al-Quran 5:41-42, Translation: Saheeh International]

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يٰۤـاَيُّهَا الَّذِيۡنَ اٰمَنُوۡا مَنۡ يَّرۡتَدَّ مِنۡكُمۡ عَنۡ دِيۡـنِهٖ فَسَوۡفَ يَاۡتِى اللّٰهُ بِقَوۡمٍ يُّحِبُّهُمۡ وَيُحِبُّوۡنَهٗۤ ۙ اَذِلَّةٍ عَلَى الۡمُؤۡمِنِيۡنَ اَعِزَّةٍ عَلَى الۡكٰفِرِيۡنَ يُجَاهِدُوۡنَ فِىۡ سَبِيۡلِ اللّٰهِ وَلَا يَخَافُوۡنَ لَوۡمَةَ لَاۤٮِٕمٍ​ ؕ ذٰ لِكَ فَضۡلُ اللّٰهِ يُؤۡتِيۡهِ مَنۡ يَّشَآءُ​ ؕ وَاللّٰهُ وَاسِعٌ عَلِيۡمٌ‏ ٥٤

O you who have believed, whoever of you should revert from his religion - Allāh will bring forth [in place of them] a people He will love and who will love Him [who are] humble toward the believers, strong against the disbelievers; they strive in the cause of Allāh and do not fear the blame of a critic. That is the favor of Allāh; He bestows it upon whom He wills. And Allāh is all-Encompassing and Knowing.

[Al-Quran 5:54, Translation: Saheeh International]

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يٰۤاَيُّهَا الَّذِيۡنَ اٰمَنُوۡۤا اِنَّمَا الۡخَمۡرُ وَالۡمَيۡسِرُ وَالۡاَنۡصَابُ وَالۡاَزۡلَامُ رِجۡسٌ مِّنۡ عَمَلِ الشَّيۡطٰنِ فَاجۡتَنِبُوۡهُ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تُفۡلِحُوۡنَ‏  ٩٠ اِنَّمَا يُرِيۡدُ الشَّيۡطٰنُ اَنۡ يُّوۡقِعَ بَيۡنَكُمُ الۡعَدَاوَةَ وَالۡبَغۡضَآءَ فِى الۡخَمۡرِ وَالۡمَيۡسِرِ وَيَصُدَّكُمۡ عَنۡ ذِكۡرِ اللّٰهِ وَعَنِ الصَّلٰوةِ​ ۚ فَهَلۡ اَنۡـتُمۡ مُّنۡتَهُوۡنَ‏ ٩١ وَاَطِيۡعُوا اللّٰهَ وَاَطِيۡعُوا الرَّسُوۡلَ وَاحۡذَرُوۡا​ ۚ فَاِنۡ تَوَلَّيۡتُمۡ فَاعۡلَمُوۡۤا اَنَّمَا عَلٰى رَسُوۡلِنَا الۡبَلٰغُ الۡمُبِيۡنُ‏ ٩٢ لَـيۡسَ عَلَى الَّذِيۡنَ اٰمَنُوۡا وَعَمِلُوا الصّٰلِحٰتِ جُنَاحٌ فِيۡمَا طَعِمُوۡۤا اِذَا مَا اتَّقَوا وَّاٰمَنُوۡا وَعَمِلُوا الصّٰلِحٰتِ ثُمَّ اتَّقَوا وَّاٰمَنُوۡا ثُمَّ اتَّقَوا وَّاَحۡسَنُوۡا​ ؕ وَاللّٰهُ يُحِبُّ الۡمُحۡسِنِيۡنَ‏  ٩٣

O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling, [sacrificing on] stone alters [to other than Allāh], and divining arrows are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid1 it that you may be successful. Satan only wants to cause between you animosity and hatred through intoxicants and gambling and to avert you from the remembrance of Allāh and from prayer. So will you not desist? And obey Allāh and obey the Messenger and beware. And if you turn away - then know that upon Our Messenger is only [the responsibility for] clear notification. There is not upon those who believe and do righteousness [any] blame concerning what they have eaten [in the past] if they [now] fear Allāh and believe and do righteous deeds, and then fear Allāh and believe, and then fear Allāh and do good; and Allāh loves the doers of good. 

[Al-Quran 5:90-93, Translation: Saheeh International]

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بَرَآءَةٌ مِّنَ اللّٰهِ وَرَسُوۡلِهٖۤ اِلَى الَّذِيۡنَ عَاهَدتُّمۡ مِّنَ الۡمُشۡرِكِيۡنَ ؕ‏ ١ فَسِيۡحُوۡا فِى الۡاَرۡضِ اَرۡبَعَةَ اَشۡهُرٍ وَّاعۡلَمُوۡۤا اَنَّكُمۡ غَيۡرُ مُعۡجِزِى اللّٰهِ​ۙ وَاَنَّ اللّٰهَ مُخۡزِى الۡكٰفِرِيۡنَ‏ ٢ وَاَذَانٌ مِّنَ اللّٰهِ وَرَسُوۡلِهٖۤ اِلَى النَّاسِ يَوۡمَ الۡحَجِّ الۡاَكۡبَرِ اَنَّ اللّٰهَ بَرِىۡۤءٌ مِّنَ الۡمُشۡرِكِيۡنَ وَ رَسُوۡلُهٗ​ ؕ فَاِنۡ تُبۡتُمۡ فَهُوَ خَيۡرٌ لَّـكُمۡ ​ۚ وَاِنۡ تَوَلَّيۡتُمۡ فَاعۡلَمُوۡۤا اَنَّكُمۡ غَيۡرُ مُعۡجِزِى اللّٰهِ​ ؕ وَبَشِّرِ الَّذِيۡنَ كَفَرُوۡا بِعَذَابٍ اَ لِيۡمٍۙ‏ ٣ اِلَّا الَّذِيۡنَ عَاهَدتُّمۡ مِّنَ الۡمُشۡرِكِيۡنَ ثُمَّ لَمۡ يَنۡقُصُوۡكُمۡ شَيۡـًٔـا وَّلَمۡ يُظَاهِرُوۡا عَلَيۡكُمۡ اَحَدًا فَاَتِمُّوۡۤا اِلَيۡهِمۡ عَهۡدَهُمۡ اِلٰى مُدَّتِهِمۡ​ؕ اِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ الۡمُتَّقِيۡنَ‏ ٤

[This is a declaration of] disassociation, from Allāh and His Messenger, to those with whom you had made a treaty among the polytheists. So travel freely, [O disbelievers], throughout the land [during] four months but know that you cannot cause failure to Allāh and that Allāh will disgrace the disbelievers. And [it is] an announcement from Allāh and His Messenger to the people on the day of the greater pilgrimage that Allāh is disassociated from the disbelievers, and [so is] His Messenger. So if you repent, that is best for you; but if you turn away - then know that you will not cause failure to Allāh. And give tidings to those who disbelieve of a painful punishment. Excepted are those with whom you made a treaty among the polytheists and then they have not been deficient toward you in anything or supported anyone against you; so complete for them their treaty until their term [has ended]. Indeed, Allāh loves the righteous [who fear Him].

[Al-Quran 9:1-4, Translation: Saheeh International]

After two decades of inviting to the Deen of Allah, finally the State of Mecca is given notice of war by Allah and His Messenger Muhammad ﷺ . Even then, those who kept their word in their treaties, those treaties must be honoured. 

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كَيۡفَ يَكُوۡنُ لِلۡمُشۡرِكِيۡنَ عَهۡدٌ عِنۡدَ اللّٰهِ وَعِنۡدَ رَسُوۡلِهٖۤ اِلَّا الَّذِيۡنَ عَاهَدتُّمۡ عِنۡدَ الۡمَسۡجِدِ الۡحَـرَامِ​ ۚ فَمَا اسۡتَقَامُوۡا لَـكُمۡ فَاسۡتَقِيۡمُوۡا لَهُمۡ​ ؕ اِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ الۡمُتَّقِيۡنَ‏ ٧

How can there be for the polytheists a treaty in the sight of Allāh and with His Messenger, except for those with whom you made a treaty at al-Masjid al-Ḥarām? So as long as they are upright toward you, be upright toward them. Indeed, Allāh loves the righteous [who fear Him].

[Al-Quran 9:7, Translation: Saheeh International]

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لَا تَقُمۡ فِيۡهِ اَبَدًا ​ؕ لَمَسۡجِدٌ اُسِّسَ عَلَى التَّقۡوٰى مِنۡ اَوَّلِ يَوۡمٍ اَحَقُّ اَنۡ تَقُوۡمَ فِيۡهِ​ؕ فِيۡهِ رِجَالٌ يُّحِبُّوۡنَ اَنۡ يَّتَطَهَّرُوۡا ​ؕ وَاللّٰهُ يُحِبُّ الۡمُطَّهِّرِيۡنَ‏ ١٠٨

Do not stand [for prayer] within it - ever. A mosque founded on righteousness from the first day is more worthy for you to stand in. Within it are men who love to purify themselves; and Allāh loves those who purify themselves.

[Al-Quran 9:108, Translation: Saheeh International]

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وَاِنۡ طَآٮِٕفَتٰنِ مِنَ الۡمُؤۡمِنِيۡنَ اقۡتَتَلُوۡا فَاَصۡلِحُوۡا بَيۡنَهُمَا​ۚ فَاِنۡۢ بَغَتۡ اِحۡدٰٮهُمَا عَلَى الۡاُخۡرٰى فَقَاتِلُوا الَّتِىۡ تَبۡغِىۡ حَتّٰى تَفِىۡٓءَ اِلٰٓى اَمۡرِ اللّٰهِ ​ۚ فَاِنۡ فَآءَتۡ فَاَصۡلِحُوۡا بَيۡنَهُمَا بِالۡعَدۡلِ وَاَقۡسِطُوۡا ؕ​ اِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ الۡمُقۡسِطِيۡنَ‏ ٩ اِنَّمَا الۡمُؤۡمِنُوۡنَ اِخۡوَةٌ فَاَصۡلِحُوۡا بَيۡنَ اَخَوَيۡكُمۡ​وَ اتَّقُوا اللّٰهَ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تُرۡحَمُوۡنَ‏ ١٠

And if two factions among the believers should fight, then make settlement between the two. But if one of them oppresses the other, then fight against the one that oppresses until it returns to the ordinance of Allāh. And if it returns, then make settlement between them in justice and act justly. Indeed, Allāh loves those who act justly. The believers are but brothers, so make settlement between your brothers. And fear Allāh that you may receive mercy.

[Al-Quran 49:9, Translation: Saheeh International]

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لَقَدۡ كَانَ لَـكُمۡ فِيۡهِمۡ اُسۡوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ لِّمَنۡ كَانَ يَرۡجُوا اللّٰهَ وَالۡيَوۡمَ الۡاٰخِرَ​ ؕ وَمَنۡ يَّتَوَلَّ فَاِنَّ اللّٰهَ هُوَ الۡغَنِىُّ الۡحَمِيۡدُ‏  ٦ ۞ عَسَى اللّٰهُ اَنۡ يَّجۡعَلَ بَيۡنَكُمۡ وَبَيۡنَ الَّذِيۡنَ عَادَيۡتُمۡ مِّنۡهُمۡ مَّوَدَّةً ؕ وَاللّٰهُ قَدِيۡرٌ​ؕ وَاللّٰهُ غَفُوۡرٌ رَّحِيۡمٌ‏ ٧ لَا يَنۡهٰٮكُمُ اللّٰهُ عَنِ الَّذِيۡنَ لَمۡ يُقَاتِلُوۡكُمۡ فِى الدِّيۡنِ وَلَمۡ يُخۡرِجُوۡكُمۡ مِّنۡ دِيَارِكُمۡ اَنۡ تَبَرُّوۡهُمۡ وَ تُقۡسِطُوۡۤا اِلَيۡهِمۡ​ؕ اِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ الۡمُقۡسِطِيۡنَ‏ ٨ اِنَّمَا يَنۡهٰٮكُمُ اللّٰهُ عَنِ الَّذِيۡنَ قَاتَلُوۡكُمۡ فِى الدِّيۡنِ وَاَخۡرَجُوۡكُمۡ مِّنۡ دِيَارِكُمۡ وَظَاهَرُوۡا عَلٰٓى اِخۡرَاجِكُمۡ اَنۡ تَوَلَّوۡهُمۡ​ۚ وَمَنۡ يَّتَوَلَّهُمۡ فَاُولٰٓٮِٕكَ هُمُ الظّٰلِمُوۡنَ‏ ٩

There has certainly been for you in them an excellent pattern for anyone whose hope is in Allāh and the Last Day. And whoever turns away - then indeed, Allāh is the Free of need, the Praiseworthy. Perhaps Allāh will put, between you and those to whom you have been enemies among them, affection. And Allāh is competent, and Allāh is Forgiving and Merciful. Allāh does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do not expel you from your homes - from being righteous toward them and acting justly toward them. Indeed, Allāh loves those who act justly. Allāh only forbids you from those who fight you because of religion and expel you from your homes and aid in your expulsion - [forbids] that you make allies of them. And whoever makes allies of them, then it is those who are the wrongdoers.

[Al-Quran 60:6-9, Translation: Saheeh International]

In the example of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) is an excellent pattern of conduct. 

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سَبَّحَ لِلّٰهِ مَا فِى السَّمٰوٰتِ وَمَا فِى الۡاَرۡضِ​ۚ وَهُوَ الۡعَزِيۡزُ الۡحَكِيۡمُ‏ ١ يٰۤاَيُّهَا الَّذِيۡنَ اٰمَنُوۡا لِمَ تَقُوۡلُوۡنَ مَا لَا تَفۡعَلُوۡنَ‏ ٢ كَبُرَ مَقۡتًا عِنۡدَ اللّٰهِ اَنۡ تَقُوۡلُوۡا مَا لَا تَفۡعَلُوۡنَ‏ ٣ اِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ الَّذِيۡنَ يُقَاتِلُوۡنَ فِىۡ سَبِيۡلِهٖ صَفًّا كَاَنَّهُمۡ بُنۡيَانٌ مَّرۡصُوۡصٌ‏ ٤

Whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth exalts Allāh, and He is the Exalted in Might, the Wise. O you who have believed, why do you say what you do not do? Greatly hateful in the sight of Allāh is that you say what you do not do. Indeed, Allāh loves those who fight in His cause in a row as though they are a [single] structure joined firmly. 

[Al-Quran 61:1-4, Translation: Saheeh International]

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[Al-Quran 1:1, Translation: Saheeh International]

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Quran search triliteral root ḥā bā bā (ح ب ب) : https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=Hbb

 

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